• Injuries to the head involve the scalp, skull, brain and the nerves and blood vessels entering and exiting the skull.
• The head is the most commonly injured body region and accounts for a large part of resulting impairment and disability.
• 70% to 80% of all deaths and injuries in crash decelerations are from face and/or head injuries caused by body flailing and the head striking surrounding structures with less yield characteristics than those of the head, it from the report of accident investigators.
NECK INJURIES
• Cervical spine distortion (CSD) injuries play a major role in car-to-car collisions worldwide.
• The incidence rate of neck injuries remains high despite the belief that hyperextension of the cervical spine would not occur as long as the occupant is using a head restraint (Lovsund et al., 1988, Olsson et al., 1990, Ono and Kaneoka, 1997). This strongly suggests that factors other than the improper use of head restraints must be involved as a cause of neck injuries.
• The human neck is a complex structure consisting of skeletal frames, ligaments, blood vessels, muscles and soft tissues such as nerves with diverse strengths.
• Their forms tend to change continually and in a potentially injury-producing situation, neck muscle strength can depend upon level of consciousness.
• An impact is transmitted directly to each vertebra or dispersed through the soft tissues, then transmitted to the lower torso.
• The influence of a head impact on the neck differs significantly depending on the direction of the impact and the orientation of the neck when the impact occurs.
• Generally, the impact time zone during which a neck injury occurs is in the order of several-tens to several-hundred seconds from the moment of impact. The injury severity also depends on the duration of the impact. In some cases, the duration that causes the “whiplash” can be as long as 200ms
by siti nursyafiqah bte yunos
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